In 1865, the settlers attacked the Yahi while they were still asleep. Searching for food, they came into conflict with settlers, who set bounties of 50 cents per scalp and 5 dollars per head on the natives. The northern Yana group became extinct while the central and southern groups (who later became part of Redding Rancheria) and Yahi populations dropped dramatically.
The settlers brought new infectious diseases such as smallpox and measles. Gold mining damaged water supplies and killed fish the deer left the area. The gold rush brought tens of thousands of miners and settlers to northern California, putting pressure on native populations. Prior to the California Gold Rush of 1848–1855, the Yahi population numbered 404 in California, but the total Yana in the larger region numbered 2,997. Their tribe was popularly believed to be extinct. The last survivors, including Ishi and his family, went into hiding for the next 44 years. Although 33 Yahi survived to escape, cattlemen killed about half of the survivors. In 1865, Ishi and his family were attacked in the Three Knolls Massacre, in which 40 of their tribesmen were killed. His life was depicted and discussed in multiple films and books, notably the biographical account Ishi in Two Worlds published by Theodora Kroeber in 1961. He lived most of his remaining five years in a university building in San Francisco. Ishi was taken in by anthropologists at the University of California, Berkeley, who both studied him and hired him as a janitor. When asked his name, he said: "I have none, because there were no people to name me," meaning that there was no other Yahi to speak his name on his behalf. The anthropologist Alfred Kroeber gave him this name because in the Yahi culture, tradition demanded that he not speak his own name until formally introduced by another Yahi. Ishi, which means "man" in the Yana language, is an adopted name. In 1911, aged 50, he emerged at a barn and corral, 2 mi (3.2 km) from downtown Oroville, California. Ishi, who was widely described as the "last wild Indian" in the United States, lived most of his life isolated from modern North American culture. The rest of the Yahi (as well as many members of their parent tribe, the Yana) were killed in the California genocide in the 19th century. 1861 – March 25, 1916) was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the present-day state of California in the United States. University of California, San Francisco, U.S.
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